System for providing a tactile stimulation in response to a predetermined alarm condition

ABSTRACT

There is provided a tactile alarm system for use in environments having a plurality of audio and/or visual alarms each in communication with a detector measuring a predetermined physical property. The system includes one or more tactile alarms each connected to a different person and each configured to provide tactile stimulation to the person when one or more predetermined physical property falls outside a predetermined range.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to alarm systems and in particular to asystem for providing tactile stimulation in response to a predeterminedalarm condition.

The invention has been developed primarily for use in medical operatingtheatres and will be described hereinafter with reference to thisapplication. However, it will be appreciated that the invention is notlimited to this particular field of use.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In a wide variety of industries and professions, detectors are used tomeasure physical properties of interest. When one or more of theseproperties exceed a predetermined range, an alarm condition is signaledto one or more audible and/or visual alarms which respond by activating.For example, in a surgical operating theatre two audible and/or visualalarms can activate in response to two detected properties fallingoutside their predetermined ranges. In such a case, a plurality ofpractitioners who may be present in the theatre simultaneously toperform their respective roles are subject to both activated alarms.

During a surgical operation detectors are connected to the patient so asto measure physical properties of the patient which can include heartrate, blood oxymetry, temperature, blood pressure, ECG or otherpredetermined properties. It may be that different practitionersinvolved in the surgery are interested in monitoring differentproperties of the patient depending on their role in the surgery. Forexample, an anesthetist may be interested in monitoring the patient'sheart-rate and blood pressure whereas another practitioner may only beinterested in closely monitoring the quantity of a particular chemicalin a patients blood.

Presently, all monitored information is available to all members of thesurgical team including nursing staff even though they may not have aspecific interest in monitoring a particular measured physical propertyto perform their duties.

Of these measured properties, it is normally the case that when theyrise above or fall below a predetermined value or outside apredetermined range, an alarm condition is generated by processingelectronics connected to the output of the detectors. Such alarmconditions are provided in the form of an audible and/or visual alert.For example, a visual alarm may appear or flash on a video display unitand/or an audible alarm associated with the display will activate when ameasured property falls outside a predetermined range. These alarms areprovided for all members of the surgical team and nursing staff and donot discriminate by providing an alarm signal to specific members of thesurgical or nursing staff present in an operation. That is, all presentpersonnel will be subject to audible and/or visual alarms when theyactivate.

In such situations where all members of the operating theatre aresubject to those activated alarms, some personnel can either bedistracted by them or alerted to an alarm condition that is not ofspecific interest to them. For example, the activation of an audible orvisual alarm in response to a property not of specific interest to asurgeon may cause a distraction which is very undesirable.

In practice, it is common to avoid the interference and distractionscaused by the activation of alarms, especially audible alarms, byturning them off or down in magnitude prior to or during a surgery.Notwithstanding that this prevents unnecessary distractions when alarmconditions occur, it defeats the purpose of employing an alarmespecially when it is turned off.

It is also well known that medical practitioners and, in particular,junior practitioners are subject to relatively long hours of work. Insome cases, a practitioner will only have a very specific role during asurgery, for example an anesthetist, who is only looking at particularvital signs of a patient, often on a monitor which cannot be directlyseen from their preferred observation position of the patient withoutmoving. After long periods of time it is not unknown for a practitionerto lose concentration or even fall asleep where audible or visual alarmsbecome ineffective and they may remain unaware of the existence of analarm condition for an undesirable period of time.

In other fields of endeavour, for example aircraft piloting, a pilot hasmany tasks to perform sometimes simultaneously wherein the activation ofan alarm condition corresponding to a system of the aircraft may gounnoticed for some time. In the specific case of combat pilots whoexperience high gravitational forces, audible and/or visual signals maynot be as efficiently processed by the brain than at normal G-forces andvisual alarm signals can be difficult to interpret.

In the case of commercial pilots, a loss of cabin pressure of anaircraft when it is at a high altitude is communicated to a pilot bymeans of an audible or visual alarm which activates when the pressurefalls below a predetermined level. When the cabin pressure falls slowly,it is common for a pilot to be practically unconscious when the alarmsare activated. Coupled with the plethora or other audible and visualsystems in an aircraft, the pilot in these situations often does notheed the alarms which may have fatal results.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to provide a system for providingtactile stimulation which will overcome or substantially ameliorate atleast some of the deficiencies of the prior art, or to at least providean alternative.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to first aspect of the invention there is provided a tactilealarm system for use in environments having a plurality of audibleand/or visual alarms, the tactile alarm system including:

-   -   a plurality of detectors receiving input representative of a        plurality of predetermined physical properties, each detector        having an output to actuate one of more of the plurality of        audible and/or visual alarms when one or more of the detected        physical properties falls outside a predetermined range, the        alarm system being characterised by a tactile alarm connected to        a person and being in communication with the output of one or        more detectors, the tactile alarm being actuated in response to        selected ones of the plurality of predetermined physical        properties falling outside their respective predetermined        ranges.

Preferably, the output of each detector is communicated to the tactilealarm by radio frequency radiation. Further, the system can have amonitor disposed intermediate the output of each detector and thetactile alarm and plurality of audible and/or visual alarms, the monitorprocessing the input from each detector and providing an activationsignal to the one or more audible and/or visual alarms and the tactilealarm.

In a preferred implementation, the tactile alarm is in the form of astrip having a receiver for receiving the signals to activate thetactile alarm. In some embodiments, the strip is divided into segmentswherein each segment corresponds to a different predetermined propertyto provide a tactile alarm signal to the person when an actuation signalprovided in one segment corresponds to a particular predeterminedproperty falling outside its predetermined range.

The tactile alarm preferably provides stimulation being selected fromthe group consisting of hot or cold sensations, electrical stimulation,and vibration stimulation. Preferably also, the tactile alarm providespulses that are coded by modulating their intensity or amplitude, ormodulating their frequency. Alternatively, the tactile alarm may providepulses that are coded such that a particular coding corresponds to apredetermined physical property. More preferably, the coding of thetactile alarm pulses varies proportionally with a predetermined propertyas it falls outside its predetermined range.

In use, the tactile alarm is preferably connected to a finger, wrist,forearm, chest, forehead, neck, shoulder, back, leg or foot of theperson.

In some embodiments, the tactile alarm system includes a self testerwhich provides an indication of the operability of the tactile alarmsystem. Additionally, the tactile alarm system can include a failurealert which is actuated in response to a failure in the tactile alarmsystem to activate the tactile alarm in response to a predeterminedproperty falling outside its predetermined range.

In preferred embodiments, the plurality of audible and/or visual alarmscan be deactivated so that only the tactile alarm is capable ofactivating.

Preferably, the predetermined physical properties include temperature,blood pressure, mass, length measurements, ECG data, oxymetry data,movement, electrical current or voltage, velocity, acceleration,ionising or non-ionising radiation, pressure, time or optical intensity.

In other embodiments of the invention, the tactile alarm system includesa plurality of tactile alarms such that each tactile alarm is disposedon a different person and wherein each tactile alarm is configured toactivate in response to a predetermined one or more of the physicalproperties measured by the detectors of interest to each person.

According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a methodof employing a tactile alarm system in accordance with the first aspectof the invention or any one of its preferments, the method including thesteps of:

-   -   detecting the plurality of predetermined physical properties and        generating detector signals being indicative of the properties;    -   communicating the detector signals to a plurality of audible        and/or visual alarms such that when one or more of the physical        properties falls outside a predetermined range, one or more of        the audible and/or visual alarms is activated; and    -   disposing a tactile alarm on a person wherein the tactile alarm        is in communication with the detector signals and wherein the        tactile alarm is activated in response to a selected one or more        of the predetermined physical properties falling outside their        predetermined range.

Preferably, the method includes the step of communicating the detectorsignals by radio frequency radiation. Preferably also, the methodincludes the steps of:

-   -   disposing a monitor intermediate the detectors and the plurality        of audible and/or visual alarms;    -   processing the detector signals at the monitor; and    -   providing one or more of the plurality of audible and/or visual        alarms and the tactile alarm with an alarm activation signal.

In preferred embodiments, said method includes the steps of providing aplurality of tactile alarms and configuring each tactile alarm toactivate in response to a predetermined one or more of the detectedphysical properties falling outside their predetermined ranges.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way ofexample only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the tactile alarm system of oneembodiment;

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an alternative embodiment of thetactile alarm system; and

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an another embodiment of thetactile alarm system

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to FIG. 1 there is illustrated a tactile alarm system 1 foruse in environments having a plurality of audible and/or visual alarms2. The tactile alarm system 1 includes a plurality of detectors 3receiving input representative of a plurality of predetermined physicalproperties. These properties include temperature, pressure, andelectrical current and voltage.

Each detector 3 includes an output 4 which communicates a signalrepresentative of the measured physical properties to a monitor 5 bymeans of radiofrequency radiation. The monitor 5 processes the signalsprovided by the detectors and displays on a visual display unit 6 aquantification of each of the measured physical properties. That is, themeasured values of the properties are displayed on a visual display unit6 associated with the monitor 5.

The plurality of audible and/or visual alarms 2 and 6 of the tactilealarm system 1 are in communication with the monitor 5 such that whenone or more of the detected physical properties fall outside apredetermined range, the audible or visual alarms receive a signal fromthe monitor 5 which activates one or more of the alarms 2 and provides adisplay accordingly on the visual display unit 6.

A tactile alarm 8 is connected to the skin of a person on their forearm(not illustrated). When selected ones of the plurality of predeterminedphysical properties fall outside their respective predetermined range,the monitor 5 provides a tactile alarm signal to the tactile alarm 8thereby actuating it.

The tactile alarm 8 is in the form of a strip having an RF receiver forreceiving RF signals communicated from the monitor 5. The RF signals arerepresentative of the detected physical properties falling outside thepredetermined range so as to activate the tactile alarm 8.

When a measured physical property falls outside a predetermined rangethe monitor 5 provides an activation signal to tactile alarm 8 which inturn provides an electrical stimulation signal to the person on theirforearm adjacent the tactile alarm strip 8.

The electrical stimulation signal applied to the person is coded bymodulating its intensity or amplitude, however, in other embodiments,the frequency of the electrical stimulation signal is modulated.

The coded electrical stimulation signals are coded so that a particularcoding of a stimulation signal corresponds to a measured predeterminedphysical property such that the person being stimulated with such acoded signal will be cognizant of the predetermined physical propertythat has fallen outside its predetermined range.

Although not illustrated, the tactile alarm 8, being in the form of astrip, is divided into segments wherein each segment is in communicationwith the monitor 5 and responsive to a different predetermined measuredphysical property. When one of these predetermined physical propertiesfalls outside its predetermined range, the segment corresponding to thatpredetermined property will provide the coded electrical stimulationsignal to the forearm of the person.

Referring to FIG. 2, there is illustrated a plurality of tactile alarms8 connected to the skin of a different person (not illustrated). Each ofthe tactile alarms 8 is configured to activate in response to one ormore of the physical properties measured by the detectors fallingoutside their predetermined range. That is, one person may have atactile alarm 8 disposed to their forearm wherein the tactile alarm 8has two segments which are responsive to detected pressure andtemperature and another tactile alarm 8 connected to the skin of anotherperson is configured to be responsive to electrical current and voltage.Therefore, each person connected to a tactile alarm 8 will be alerted bytactile stimulation only in response to predetermined measured physicalproperties of interest to them.

The tactile alarm system 1 further includes a self testing mechanism 11which provides a user with an indication of the operability of thetactile alarm system 1 to respond in the event one or more predeterminedproperties fall outside a predetermined range. Similarly for the case ofa failure being present in the tactile alarm system 1, a failure alert12 is provided to alert a person by providing electrical stimulationsignals that the tactile alarm system 1 has failed in some way. Forexample, the failure alert 12 will actuate when a detector output is notconnected to the monitor or if the monitor 5 is not in communicationwith the tactile alarm 8.

In some situations, the plurality of audible and/or visual alarms 2 canbe deactivated so that only a tactile alarm signal is provided to aperson in response to a predetermined measured physical parameterfalling outside a predetermined range. That is, only the tactile alarm 8is configured for providing an alarm.

In other embodiments of the invention, properties in addition to thedetection of temperature, pressure and electrical current and voltage,other physical properties such as ECG data, oxymetry data, mass, lengthmeasurements, movement, velocity, acceleration, ionising or non-ionisingradiation, blood pressure, time or optical intensity can be measured.

Although it is described that the tactile alarm 8 is connected to theforearm of the person, the tactile alarm 8 can be connected to theperson at their fingers, wrists, chest, forehead, neck, shoulders, back,legs and feet. Furthermore, the tactile alarm 8 can be connected to theskin of the person directly or through clothing, gloves or other apparelworn by the person.

The tactile alarm 8 is described in the form of a strip form and it willbe appreciated that in other embodiments the tactile alarm 8 can be acircularly shaped disc or other predetermined shape configured to beconnected to the person.

The tactile alarm 8 delivers an electrical stimulation signal to theperson, however, in other embodiments vibration stimulation or hot orcold sensations can alternatively be delivered.

In embodiments where the electrical stimulation signal provided bytactile alarm 8 is not coded by modulating its intensity or amplitude,the intensity or amplitude of this signal can be varied proportionallywith the predetermined property falling outside its predetermined range.For example, the stronger the intensity of the electrical stimulationsignal applied to the person, the further outside the predeterminedrange the property has fallen.

Referring to FIG. 3, where like numerals denote like components, thereis illustrated another embodiment in which the tactile alarm system 1 isconnected to a surgeon (not illustrated) in an operating theatre. Inthis embodiment, a patient undergoing surgery has detectors 3 measuringphysical properties including blood pressure, heart rate and bloodoxymetry. Other detectors 3 are also present which sense the status offunctions of vital equipment, for example the performance of an exposedelement organ machine.

The detected signals are then amplified and communicated to a monitorunit 5 by means of a cable connection. However, RF or infra-redcommunication between the detectors 3 and the monitor unit 5 can also beemployed. Processing electronics (not illustrated) are disposed withinthe monitor 5 for processing the amplified detector signals. The monitor5 is configured to display an indication of the magnitude of thedetected signals. For example, the monitor 5 will display the detectedheart rate as a function of time.

The monitor 5 is programmable such that when the detected signalscorrespond to the measured physical properties falling outside apredetermined range, a visual alarm 6 and an audible alarm 2 areactivated. The audible and visual alarms 2 and 6 are connected to themonitor 5 by means of a cable, however, an RF or infra-red connectionmay suitably be employed.

Once one of the physical properties of interest falls outside itspredetermined range and the audible and visual alarms 2 and 6 areactivated, an alarm signal is sent to a tactile alarm 8 in contact withthe skin of the surgeon (not illustrated). As already noted above, thetactile alarm 8 can be worn on practically any preferred body part of aperson.

The alarm signal is communicated to the tactile alarm 8 by RF radiation.A bluetooth™ transceiver 20 is disposed in the monitor 5 andcommunicates with another bluetooth™ transceiver 21 located in oradjacent the tactile alarm 8. Although the bluetooth™ RF communicationmeans is illustrated, any suitable RF communication means can be used.

Once an alarm signal is received by the tactile alarm 8, a processor(not illustrated) in communication with the transceiver 21 activates thetactile alarm 8. Once activated, a tactile pulse is delivered to themember of the surgical team.

Either of the processor or processing electronics of the monitor 5 arecapable of being configured to activate the tactile alarm 8 only when aselected one or ones of the measured physical properties fall outsidetheir predetermined range.

The actual type of stimulation provided by the tactile alarm signalprovided to the person is selected at the monitor 5 or the processor.For example, the tactile alarm 8 can deliver a tactile stimulationsignal to the person in the form of electrical stimulation, vibrationstimulation or hot or cold sensations.

The tactile stimulation signal applied by tactile alarm 8 to the personcan be continuous at a constant intensity or, alternatively, it can becoded by modulating its intensity or amplitude. For example, theintensity or amplitude of the applied signal can be variedproportionally with the predetermined property falling outside itspredetermined range. That is, the stronger the intensity of theelectrical stimulation signal applied to the person, the further outsidethe predetermined range the property has fallen. Similarly, themagnitude of the frequency of the applied signals can be representativeof the amount by which a property falls outside its predetermined range.

As with the tactile alarm described above, the embodiment of FIG. 3 canbe modified such that the detected properties bypass the monitor 5. Insuch cases, the detectors each include a bluetooth™ transceiver whichcommunicates directly with the transceiver 21 disposed in the tactilealarm 8.

In the operating theatre embodiment of FIG. 3, a separate tactile alarm8 can be connected to another person or persons in the operating theatrewherein each separate tactile alarm 8 can be configured to provide atactile alarm signal to the wearer when a predetermined one or ones ofthe measured physical properties fall outside their predetermined range.In such cases, only those people interested in a particular property orproperties will be alerted by the property or properties falling outsidetheir predetermined ranges, which does not unnecessarily alert ordistract other people.

The foregoing describes embodiments of a tactile alarm system for use insurgical operating theatres, however, it will be appreciated by thoseskilled in the art that the tactile alarm system can be used in otherfields, for example by combat or commercial aircraft pilots andmodifications, obvious to those skilled in the art, can be made to thetactile alarm without departing from the scope of the present invention.

1. A tactile stimulation system, comprising: a plurality of detectorsreceiving input representative of a plurality of predetermined physicalproperties, each detector providing an output when one or more of thedetected physical properties falls outside a predetermined range, atactile alarm configured to be placed in contact with a skin surface ona subject to whom an output of the tactile alarm is to be provided andbeing in communication with the output of one or more of the detectorsand to be actuated in response to selected ones of the plurality ofpredetermined physical properties falling outside their respectivepredetermined ranges; wherein the tactile alarm is divided intophysically discrete segments wherein each segment corresponds to adifferent predetermined property and provides tactile stimulation to thesubject independently of other segments in response to an activationsignal that corresponds to the predetermined property of the segment anda magnitude by which the predetermined property falls outside itspredetermined range.
 2. The tactile stimulation system of claim 1,wherein the output of each detector is communicated to the tactile alarmby radio-frequency radiation.
 3. The tactile stimulation system of claim1, further comprising a monitor disposed intermediate the output of eachdetector and the tactile alarm and a plurality of audible and/or visualalarms, the monitor processing the input from each detector andproviding an activation signal to the one or more audible and/or visualalarms and the tactile alarm.
 4. The tactile stimulation system of claim1, wherein the tactile alarm is in the form of the strip having areceiver for receiving the signals to activate the tactile alarm.
 5. Thetactile stimulation system of claim 1, wherein the tactile alarmprovides stimulation to the subject to apprise the subject of thefalling of a predetermined property outside its predetermined range inthe form of hot or cold sensations, electrical stimulation or vibrationstimulation.
 6. The tactile stimulation system of claim 1, wherein thetactile alarm is connected to a body part of the subject.
 7. The tactilestimulation system of claim 6, wherein the body part is chosen from thegroup consisting of a finger, a wrist, a forearm, a chest, a forehead, aneck, a shoulder, a back, a leg and a foot.
 8. The tactile stimulationsystem of claim 1, further comprising a self tester which provides anindication of the operability of the tactile stimulation system.
 9. Thetactile stimulation system of claim 1, further comprising a failurealert which is actuated in response to a failure in the tactilestimulation system to activate the tactile alarm in response to apredetermined property falling outside its predetermined range.
 10. Thetactile stimulation system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality ofaudible and/or visual alarms actuated by the detectors when one or moreof the detected physical properties falls outside a predetermined rangethat are configured to be deactivated so that only the tactile alarm iscapable of being activated.
 11. The tactile stimulation system of claim1, wherein the predetermined physical properties include temperature,blood pressure, mass, length measurements, ECG data, oxymetry data,movement, electrical current or voltage, velocity, acceleration,presence of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, pressure, time oroptical intensity.
 12. A tactile stimulation system, comprising: aplurality of detectors receiving input representative of a plurality ofpredetermined physical properties, each detector providing an outputwhen one or more of the detected physical properties falls outside apredetermined range, a tactile alarm configured to be placed in contactwith a skin surface on a subject to whom an output of the tactile alarmis to be provided and being in communication with the output of one ormore of the detectors and to be actuated in response to selected ones ofthe plurality of predetermined physical properties falling outside theirrespective predetermined ranges; wherein the tactile alarm is dividedinto physically discrete segments wherein each segment corresponds to adifferent predetermined property and provides tactile stimulation to thesubject independently of other segments in response to an activationsignal that corresponds to the predetermined property of the segment anda magnitude by which the predetermined property falls outside itspredetermined range, and wherein the tactile alarm provides tactilepulses that are coded such that a particular coding corresponds to apredetermined physical property and wherein the coding of the pulsessupplied to the segments varies in intensity or spatially over thetactile alarm proportionally with the predetermined property as it fallsoutside its predetermined range.
 13. The tactile stimulation system ofclaim 12, wherein the tactile alarm provides stimulation pulses that arecoded by modulating the frequency.
 14. A tactile stimulation system,comprising: a plurality of detectors receiving input representative of aplurality of predetermined physical properties, each detector providingan output when one or more of the detected physical properties fallsoutside a predetermined range, a plurality of tactile alarms eachconfigured to be placed in contact with a skin surface on a plurality ofsubjects to whom an output of the tactile alarm is to be provided andbeing in communication with the output of one or more of the detectorsand to be actuated in response to ones of the plurality of predeterminedphysical properties falling outside their respective predeterminedranges; wherein each tactile alarm is divided into segments wherein eachsegment corresponds to a different predetermined property to provide atactile stimulation system to the subject when an activation signalprovided in one segment corresponds to a particular property fallingoutside its predetermined range.
 15. A method of employing a tactilestimulation system comprising a plurality of detectors receiving inputrepresentative of a plurality of predetermined physical properties, eachdetector providing an output when one or more of the detected physicalproperties falls outside a predetermined range and a tactile alarmconfigured to be placed in contact with a skin surface on a subject towhom an output of the tactile alarm is to be provided and being incommunication with the output of one or more of the detectors and to beactuated in response to selected ones of the plurality of predeterminedphysical properties falling outside their respective predeterminedranges; wherein the tactile alarm is divided into segments wherein eachsegment corresponds to a different predetermined property to provide atactile stimulation system to the subject when an activation signalprovided in one segment corresponds to a particular property fallingoutside its predetermined range, the method comprising: detecting aplurality of predetermined physical properties and generating detectorsignals indicative of the properties; disposing a tactile alarm on asubject wherein the tactile alarm is in communication with the detectorsignals and wherein the tactile alarm is activated in response to aselected one or more of the predetermined physical properties fallingoutside their predetermined range; and dividing the tactile alarm into aplurality of segments wherein each segment corresponds to a differentproperty such that a tactile alarm signal is provided to the subjectfrom a respective segment when a corresponding property falls outsideits predetermined range.
 16. The method of employing a tactilestimulation system of claim 15, wherein each tactile alarm is configuredto provide tactile stimulation in the form of coded tactile stimulus inresponse to a corresponding property falling outside its predeterminedrange, the stimulus being coded depending on the property, the methodincluding the step of applying a tactile alarm pulsed that varies inintensity or spatially over the tactile alarm proportionally with thepredetermined property as it falls outside its predetermined range. 17.The method of employing a tactile stimulation system of claim 15,including the step of communicating the detector signals byradio-frequency radiation.
 18. The method of employing a tactilestimulation system of claim 15, further comprising: providing aplurality of audible and/or visual alarms such that when one or more ofthe physical properties falls outside a predetermined range, one or moreof the audible and/or visual alarms is activated; disposing a monitorintermediate the detectors and the plurality of audible and/or visualalarms communicating the detector signals to; processing the detectorsignals at the monitor; and providing one or more of the plurality ofaudible and/or visual alarms and the tactile alarm with an alarmactivation signal.
 19. The method of employing a tactile stimulationsystem of claim 15, wherein the tactile alarm signal is selected fromthe group comprising hot or cold sensations, electrical stimulation andvibration stimulation.
 20. The method of employing a tactile stimulationsystem of claim 19, further comprising coding the tactile alarm signalby modulating the signal intensity or frequency.
 21. The method ofemploying a tactile stimulation system of claim 20, further comprisingdisposing the tactile alarm on a portion of the body of the subjectselected from the group consisting of fingers, wrists, forearms, chests,foreheads, necks, shoulders, backs, legs and feet.
 22. The method ofemploying a tactile stimulation system of claim 21, wherein the physicalproperties include temperature, blood pressure, mass, lengthmeasurements, ECG data, oximetry data, movement, of electrical currentor voltage, velocity, acceleration, presence of ionizing andnon-ionizing radiation, pressure, time or optical intensity.